Best Selling Books by Stephen Jay Gould

The noted naturalist sheds new light on humankind's fascination with the approaching millennium, offering a collection of scientific and historical essays on the millennium and its significance

A noted paleontologist provides the text for this photographic study of eight different collections--from a collection of human artifacts belonging to Peter the Great to Agassy's fish collection--exploring what collections say about collectors.

"This sparkling book romps over the range of science and anti-science." --Jared Diamond, author of Guns, Germs, and Steel Revised and Expanded Edition. In this age of supposed scientific enlightenment, many people still believe in mind reading, past-life regression theory, New Age hokum, and alien abduction. A no-holds-barred assault on popular superstitions and prejudices, with more than 80,000 copies in print, Why People Believe Weird Things debunks these nonsensical claims and explores the very human reasons people find otherworldly phenomena, conspiracy theories, and cults so appealing. In an entirely new chapter, "Why Smart People Believe in Weird Things," Michael Shermer takes on science luminaries like physicist Frank Tippler and others, who hide their spiritual beliefs behind the trappings of science. Shermer, science historian and true crusader, also reveals the more dangerous side of such illogical thinking, including Holocaust denial, the recovered-memory movement, the satanic ritual abuse scare, and other modern crazes. Why People Believe Strange Things is an eye-opening resource for the most gullible among us and those who want to protect them.

Scholars in the exact and social sciences join literary critics to consider the work of French author Michel Rio and to reflect on literature's place in intellectual discourse in an age dominated by science.

"Cerion has been described by its leading student W.J. Clench as 'the most difficult genus of pulmonate mollusks to classify.' No other pulmonate genus shows greater diversity of form; moreover, almost all these divergent morphologies hybridize at their areas of geographic contact. The result is a taxonomic morass that has effectively debarred fruitful biological work on these fascinating snails. The taxonomy of New Providence Island is the most elaborate for the entire genus; more than 90 species of Cerion have been designated, and the distribution of existing names makes no geographic or ecological sense. We use morphometric and genetic techniques to conclude that the living Cerion of New Providence reduce to two semispecies, C. glans (the ribby morphotype) and C gubernatorium (the mottled morphotype). Traces of an extinct C. agassizi line (a prominent taxon of fossil dunes) survive as introgressions into C. gubernatorium populations of southeastern New Providence. These two groups form the basis of Cerion faunas throughout the northern Bahamas; their separation and recognition provide a key to resolving Cerion's taxonomy both here and elsewhere. Ribby and mottled morphotypes are recurrently evolved 'developmental packages, ' not homologous taxa from place to place -- thereby illustrating the importance of developmental channeling in parallel evolution. We base our taxonomic decision upon a conciliance among many independent criteria. Geographic distribution: parental morphotypes occupy their expected positions, with narrow hybrid zones at predicted points of transition. Morphology of parental populations: differences between ribby and mottled are not simple consequences of one minor alteration in growth, but summed results of several independent covariance sets. Morphotypes differ consistently in amounts of variation and patterns of covariance. Hybrid populations: we find both enhanced variation and patterns of covariance based on developmental disturbance never before detected in parental populations of Cerion. Genetics: samples grouped by frequencies of electromorphs yield the same clusters of ribby and mottled populations specified by morphology. Morphotypes can be distinguished by allele frequencies, while hybrid populations contain rare alleles found in neither parental taxon. The genetic hybrid zone is wider than the morphological zone and asymmetric about it. An appendix allocates all previously named taxa, and resolves the status of 19 designated fossil taxa, plus a new species (Cerion clenchi), into three successive faunas, marking waves of migration correlated with rise and fall of Pleistocene seas"--Page 391

A collection of essays written since 1992 introducing the reader to natural science, and to the links between science, history and culture. The essays discuss subjects including New York City, Jurassic Park, the reconstruction of dinosaurs and the tragic myth of Frankenstein.

Few would question the truism that humankind is the crowning achievement of evolution; that the defining thrust of life's history yields progress over time from the primitive and simple to the more advanced and complex; that the disappearance of .400 hitting in baseball is a fact to be bemoaned; or that identifying an existing trend can be helpful in making important life decisions. Few, that is, except Stephen Jay Gould who, in his new book Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin, proves that all of these intuitive truths are, in fact, wrong. "All of these mistaken beliefs arise out of the same analytical flaw in our reasoning, our Platonic tendency to reduce a broad spectrum to a single, pinpointed essence," says Gould. "This way of thinking allows us to confirm our most ingrained biases that humans are the supreme being on this planet; that all things are inherently driven to become more complex; and that almost any subject can be expressed and understood in terms of an average." In Full House, Gould shows why a more accurate way of understanding our world (and the history of life) is to look at a given subject within its own context, to see it as a part of a spectrum of variation rather than as an isolated "thing" and then to reconceptualize trends as expansion or contraction of this "full house" of variation, and not as the progress or degeneration of an average value, or single thing. When approached in such a way, the disappearance of .400 hitting becomes a cause for celebration, signaling not a decline in greatness but instead an improvement in the overall level of play in baseball; trends become subject to suspicion, and too often, only a tool of those seeking to advance a particular agenda; and the "Age of Man" (a claim rooted in hubris, not in fact) more accurately becomes the "Age of Bacteria." "The traditional mode of thinking has led us to draw many conclusions that don't make satisfying sense," says Gould. "It tells us that .400 hitting has disappeared because batters have gotten worse, but how can that be true when record performances have improved in almost any athletic activity?" In a personal eureka!, Gould realized that we were looking at the picture backward, and that a simple conceptual inversion would resolve a number of the paradoxes of the conventional view. While Full House deftly reveals the shortcomings of the popular reasoning we apply to everyday life situations, Gould also explores his beloved realm of natural history as well. Whether debunking the myth of the successful evolution of the horse (he grants that the story still deserves distinction, but as the icon of evolutionary failure); presenting evidence that the vaunted "progress of life" is really random motion away from simple beginnings, not directed impetus toward complexity; or relegating the kingdoms of Animalai and Plantae to their proper positions on the genealogical chart for all of life (as mere twigs on one of the three bushes), Full House asks nothing less than that we reconceptualize our view of life in a fundamental way. From the Hardcover edition.

This collection of essays ranges from history to the latest theories in biology, from controversies over palaeontology to the origins of language. The title is a pun and as always with Gould, the joke has a point that illustrates the largest pattern of life's history. For millennia, the animals that populated the Earth had four toes on each foot, or six. If evolution had taken a tiny shift - if man's ancestors had inherited a couple of genes in a different form - our canonical number, based on man's fingers and toes, might be eight instead of ten. Stephen Jay Gould has also written Wonderful Life, Bully for Brontosaurus and Finders Keepers.

" Je ne suis pas un érudit, mais un artisan. " La formule, qui pourrait sembler faussement modeste, définit bien la stratégie de son auteur. Car Stephen Jay Gould est persuadé que ce n'est pas en se mesurant de front aux grandes questions - et la biologie de l'évolution, thème central de son oeuvre, en est une - que l'on parvient à coup sûr aux réflexions les plus profondes. Il préfère, quant à lui, partir de petites histoires d'apparence anodine, de ces " innombrables petits faits curieux " dont il tire, au terme d'une analyse pénétrante et pleine d'humour, les petits joyaux que sont les chroniques mensuelles qu'il écrit depuis bientôt vingt ans. Ce livre, qui en est le cinquième recueil, parle ainsi des règles du jeu de base-ball et de la mode des dinosaures, des claviers de machines à écrire et de la défaite du créationnisme, de la couleur des flamants roses et de la mort de Lavoisier. Autant de thèmes qui, pour Gould, " témoignent que Dieu réside vraiment dans les détails ".

" Ce septième volume de mes essais présente les conceptions évolutionnistes appliquées à de nouveaux sujets. Les uns relèvent de la réflexion intellectuelle, qu'ils soient tirés de la littérature, un domaine que je me prends à aimer de plus en plus, ou bien de l'astronomie et de la science des calendriers, des passions que je tiens de l'enfance et qui venaient, à cette époque, en deuxième position après la paléontologie, ou peut-être en quatrième, après le base-ball et la philatélie. Les autres thèmes nouveaux sont d'ordre social et politique, du rôle des muséums aux diverses facettes de l'eugénisme. Mais je reste toujours fidèle dans ce livre à mon sujet central, la théorie de l'évolution. J'y traite des problèmes du darwinisme et des modalités, souvent très surprenantes, du déroulement de l'évolution et j'y remets en question les idées traditionnelles. Finalement, en accord avec mon amour de l'histoire, j'ai illustré un grand nombre de mes thèmes de prédilection en montrant comment ils se sont exprimés dans la vie et l'œuvre de personnages fascinants, tels Laplace, Mary Shelley, Swift ou Poe. " S. J. G.

Stephen Jay Gould s'est imposé à la fois comme l'un des meilleurs paléontologues américains d'aujourd'hui et comme l'un de nos plus grands vulgarisateurs scientifiques. Un hérisson dans la tempête continue et amplifie la réflexion entreprise sur les sciences elles-mêmes et sur l'histoire de la vie. Dans la lignée du Pouce du Panda, il nous ouvre, avec esprit et verve, la perspective d'un évolutionnisme qui s'efforce de comprendre l'histoire dans ce qu'elle a d'irréductiblement contingent, mais aussi d'accessible à la raison. Le vieil aphorisme attribué à Archiloque dit: "Le renard sait beaucoup de choses, mais le hérisson sait quelque chose d'important". Le premier incarne la souplesse face à la complexité et à la diversité de notre monde, le second la cohérence. C'est cette double approche que Stephen Jay Gould préconise pour expliquer le devenir du vivant, tout en appréciant la diversité sous toutes ses formes, et pour éviter un rationalisme réducteur qui risque d'entraîner dans le piège de rêveries dangereuses.

Depuis la Renaissance, le problème des rapports entre science et religion a marqué la culture occidentale. L'abjuration forcée de Galilée, tout récemment regrettée par le pape, les féroces affrontements autour de Darwin, la résurgence du créationnisme aux Etats-Unis et la tentation embarrassée de récupérer la cosmologie du big bang à des fins apologétiques marquent assez la permanence de ce débat et son actualité. Déjà au XVIIIe siècle, Alexander Pope, dans une célèbre épigramme, avait ironiquement commenté la difficulté de réconcilier une vision théologique traditionnelle et les nouvelles découvertes scientifiques : " La Nature et ses lois gisaient cachées dans les ténèbres. Dieu dit " Que Newton soit " et tout s'illumina. " Plus tôt encore, Galilée avait insisté sur la séparation des buts poursuivis par la science et la religion, arguant que, si la première peut nous dire comment est le ciel, seule la seconde peut nous enseigner comment y aller. Le grand paléontologue Stephen J. Gould, plus que tout autre scientifique de notre époque, a dû affronter ces problèmes. Il reprend l'idée d'une sage distinction entre ces deux grandes institutions de l'esprit humain, et affirme la nécessité d'un principe de " non-empiètement des magistères " (NOMA) entre science et religion. A cet essai bref et pénétrant, la préface du philosophe Dominique Lecourt apporte un précieux éclairage.